Lupin i svinefoder mindsker ornelugt

Ornelugt i svinekød kan begrænses ved to ugers fodring med 25 pct. lupiner i foderet. Ornelugt er en afvigende lugt og smag, som findes hos 5 til 10 procent af danske hangrise ved en vægt omkring 100 kg. Imidlertid vides det, at sogrise og galte i flere forsøg også har "ornelugt". Eller nærmere betegne, det som nogle forbrugere opfatter som griselugt og afsmag i kødet. Problemet skyldes først og fremmest stoffet skatol

Svinefodring - næringsstofudnyttelse, produktkvalitet og sundhed. Slutrapport for Work Package 3: Produktkvalitet. FØJO projekt II.7 (OrganicPigFeed)

I et 2x2 forsøgsdesign er økologiske slagtesvin givet slagtesvinefoder med to niveauer af protein (norm og 85% af norm) samt 0% og 25% lupin. Hvis proteinindholdet i foder til økologiske slagtesvin nedsættes til 85% af gældende norm, falder kødprocenten op til 1% og indholdet af intramuskulært fedt (IMF) i kammuskel stiger med 0,5%. Dryptab, slut-pH, temperatur 24 timer efter slagtning, pigmentindhold og konsistens (hårdhed) for kammusklen påvirkes ikke. Indholdet af skatol i rygspæk falder lidt. Indholdet af mættede fedtsyrer i rygspæk stiger, indholdet af monoumættede fedtsyrer ændres ikke, mens indholdet af flerumættede fedtsyrer falder, hvilket betyder at jodtallet (fedtets umættethed) falder fra 67 til 65. Spisekvaliteten udtrykt ved en sensorisk profil af stegte koteletter påvirkes ikke meget. Syrlig smag og metalsmag bliver lidt mindre og sødlig smag lidt større. I kombination med 25% lupin bliver mørhed og saftighed dog noget større. Stegesvindet ved tilberedning af de stegte koteletter bliver 1% større, men ikke hvis der kombineres med fodring med lupin. Ved fodring med 25% lupin stiger kødprocenten 1-1,5%. Temperaturen i kammusklen 24 timer efter slagtning er lidt lavere - muligvis på grund af lavere slagtevægt. Dryptab, slut-pH, IMF, pigmentindhold og konsistens for kammusklen påvirkes ikke. Indholdet af mættede og monoumættede fedtsyrer i rygspæk falder, mens indholdet af flerumættede fedtsyrer stiger, hvilket betyder, at jodtallet stiger fra 63 til 69. Indholdet af skatol i rygspæk falder til ca. det halve for både so- og galtgrise. Selvom der her er tale om meget lave niveauer af skatol, anbefales det at afprøve effekten af fodring med lupin på hangrise for derved at nedbringe forekomsten af hangriselugt. Griselugt og grisesmag ved stegte koteletter bliver lidt mindre selvom niveauerne i begge tilfælde er meget lave. Samtidig stiger intensiteten af kødlugt og kødsmag lidt

Sensory emphasis on pork quality related to the diet content of fermentable fibre-rich feedstuffs (chicory and lupine) with special emphasis on the effect on boar taint

Boar taint in entire male pork is caused by skatole and andros-tenone and other compounds such as indole. However, female pigs also pro-duce skatole and indole. The purpose was to minimise boar taint related to skatole by feeding entire male and female pigs with fibre-rich feedstuffs. An organic, 10% dried chicory or 25% lupine diet was applied for either 7 or 14 days before slaughter. Lupines significantly reduced skatole in backfat for both genders whilst chicory showed no significant differences in this re-spect. From a sensory perspective, chicory and lupine reduced boar taint since odour and flavour of manure related to skatole and urine associated to androstenone were minimised. The level of boar taint in the entire male pigs was mainly reduced after 14 days by both chicory and lupine while the “boar” taint in female pigs was mainly reduced by lupine

Effect of feeding fermentable fibrerich feedstuffs lupin and chicory prior to slaughter with special emphasis on the effect on chemical boar taint in organic entire male and female pigs and technological meat quality

Boar taint is an off-flavour of pork caused primarily by skatole and, androstenone. Pig off-odour and flavour mostly caused by higher skatole concentrations in backfat. It is a problem in all types of pork production and is not restricted to entire male pigs. If uncastrated, 5-10% of Danish entire male pigs (100 kg liveweight) have > 0.25 ppm skatole in backfat and are then classified as boar tainted, having a markedly reduced value. Even backfat skatole values above 0.15 ppm enhance the off-odour for skatole sensitive consumers. An alternative way to reduce high skatole concentrations may be feeding with fibre-rich feedstuffs. This idea is based on previous studies which have demonstrated that 10% dried chicory or more in the feed reduces skatole in entire male pigs significantly after 7, 14 and 21 days of feeding, resulting in a significant reduction in perceived boar taint and thus an improvement in the flavour and taste of meat. Significantly decreased skatole concentrations and a tendency to increased eating quality have also been demonstrated by feeding 25% lupines to female and castrated male pigs during the whole fattening period. The question remains, however, whether the effects of lupines on skatole and other sensory characteristics of female and entire male pigs can be obtained when used only in the last 1 or 2 weeks before slaughter. Two experimental replicates each consisting of 24 pigs (12 entire male and 12 female) was divided into three treatments according to litter and initial weight and kept in pairs (pens) of either female or entire male pigs. The male and female pigs were kept in different stables. The pairs of pigs have been fed three organic diets for either 1 or 2 weeks prior to slaughter of which two diets contained different fermentable fibre-rich feedstuffs (10% dried chicory root plus 90% organic control feed and 25% blue lupine seed plus 75% other organic feed components). These two treatments were compared with a control; where the pairs of pigs were fed organic control concentrate (“conventional”) either 1 or 2 weeks prior to slaughter (at approx. 104 kg liveweight). Levels of skatole and indole in blood plasma from Vena jugularis were monitored at the start of the experiment and just before slaughter, and skatole in backfat was measured at slaughter. Production results were registered (daily weight gain, FUp per kg gain, slaughter weight, carcass meat percentage, warm and cold carcass weight), and after slaughter at Research Centre Foulum the following technological meat quality attributes were measured on M. Longissimus dorsi (LD): meat colour (L*, a*, and b* values), drip loss, pH measurements, temperatures and glycogen at 45 minutes and 24 hours post mortem. There was a significant reduction in skatole in blood and backfat for both sexes by feeding 25% blue lupine one or two weeks prior to slaughter (P<0.001). The 10% (and 13.3%) dried chicory roots showed no significant effect. This is possibly due to error in the heat treatment of the roots during the drying process. A majority of the meat quality parameters were not significantly affected by either of the two dietary treatments. However, glycogen contents tended to be higher 45 minutes and 24 hours post mortem (P<0.10) and the drip loss lower in the lupine-fed pigs. There were clear tendencies to significant differences in production results as the 25% lupines showed negative impact on growth rate, feed conversion ratio, slaughter weight and carcass weight. Newly mixed entire male pigs showed worse performance than newly mixed female pigs during the short time experiment

Effects of feeding prebiotics to pigs for 1 or 2 weeks before slaughter

Prebiotics are non-digestible oligosaccharides acting by stimulating the growth of bacteria being beneficial for the gastrointestinal health of the host and may serve as a means to control pathogens. This study aimed to assess if inclusion of chicory or lupins (prebiotics) in the diet of pre-slaughter pigs for just 1 or 2 weeks could change the composition of their intestinal microbiota and help to lower the level of the important foodborne pathogen Campylobacter spp. The study showed that even a short-term alternative feeding strategy with prebiotics in the diet of pre-slaughter pigs elicited changes in the composition of intestinal microbiota with stimulation of the growth of bifidobacteria in caceum and a reduction of the Campylobacter spp. excretion level

Pork quality related to the diet content of fermentable fibre-rich feedstuffs (chicory and lupine) with special emphasis on the effect on boar taint and meat quality

Boar taint is an off-flavour of pork caused primarily by skatole and, androstenone. Pig off-odour and flavour mostly caused by higher skatole concentrations in backfat. It is a problem in all types of pork production and is not restricted to entire male pigs. If uncastrated, 5-10% of Danish entire male pigs (100 kg liveweight) have > 0.25 ppm skatole in backfat and are then classified as boar tainted, having a markedly reduced value. Even backfat skatole values above 0.15 ppm enhance the off-odour for skatole sensitive consumers. An alternative way to reduce high skatole concentrations may be feeding with fibre-rich feedstuffs. This idea is based on previous studies which have demonstrated that 10% dried chicory or more in the feed reduces skatole in entire male pigs significantly after 7, 14 and 21 days of feeding, resulting in a significant reduction in perceived boar taint and thus an improvement in the flavour and taste of meat. Significantly decreased skatole concentrations and a tendency to increased eating quality have also been demonstrated by feeding 25% lupines to female and castrated male pigs during the whole fattening period. The question remains, however, whether the effects of lupines on skatole and other sensory characteristics of female and entire male pigs can be obtained when used only in the last 1 or 2 weeks before slaughter. Two experimental replicates each consisting of 24 pigs (12 entire male and 12 female) was divided into three treatments according to litter and initial weight and kept in pairs (pens) of either female or entire male pigs. The male and female pigs were kept in different stables. The pairs of pigs have been fed three organic diets for either 1 or 2 weeks prior to slaughter of which two diets contained different fermentable fibre-rich feedstuffs (10% dried chicory root plus 90% organic control feed and 25% blue lupine seed plus 75% other organic feed components). These two treatments were compared with a control; where the pairs of pigs were fed organic control concentrate (“conventional”) either 1 or 2 weeks prior to slaughter (at approx. 104 kg liveweight). Levels of skatole and indole in blood plasma from Vena jugularis were monitored at the start of the experiment and just before slaughter, and skatole in backfat was measured at slaughter. Production results were registered (daily weight gain, FUp per kg gain, slaughter weight, carcass meat percentage, warm and cold carcass weight), and after slaughter at Research Centre Foulum the following technological meat quality attributes were measured on M. Longissimus dorsi (LD): meat colour (L*, a*, and b* values), drip loss, pH measurements, temperatures and glycogen at 45 minutes and 24 hours post mortem. There was a significant reduction in skatole in blood and backfat for both sexes by feeding 25% blue lupine one or two weeks prior to slaughter (P<0.001). The 10% (and 13.3%) dried chicory roots showed no significant effect. This is possibly due to error in the heat treatment of the roots during the drying process. A majority of the meat quality parameters were not significantly affected by either of the two dietary treatments. However, glycogen contents tended to be higher 45 minutes and 24 hours post mortem (P<0.10) and the drip loss lower in the lupine-fed pigs. There were clear tendencies to significant differences in production results as the 25% lupines showed negative impact on growth rate, feed conversion ratio, slaughter weight and carcass weight. Newly mixed entire male pigs showed worse performance than newly mixed female pigs during the short time experiment

Effects of feeding finisher pigs with chicory or lupine feed for one or two weeks prior to slaughter with respect to levels of Bifidobacteria and Campylobacter

Prebiotics are non-digestible oligosaccharides acting by stimulating the growth of bacteria being beneficial for the gastrointestinal health of the host and may serve as a means to prevent pathogens. This study aimed to assess if inclusion of chicory or lupines (prebiotics) in the diet of pre-slaughter pigs for just 1 or 2 weeks could change the composition of their intestinal microbiota, stimulate the growth of bifidobacteria and help to lower the level of the important foodborne pathogen Campylobacter spp. A total of 48 pigs of initial 90 kg live weight were fed with either a lupine (organic concentrate with 25% blue lupine seed), chicory (organic concentrate with 10% dried chicory roots) or control (100% organic concentrate) diet for 1 week (24 pigs) or 2 weeks (24 pigs) before slaughter. The campylobacter level in rectal faecal samples after 0, 1 and 2 weeks of feeding and in the luminal content from ileum, caecum and colon at slaughter was determined by direct plating. DNA extracted from the luminal content of distal ileum and caecum, was used for terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism (T-RFLP) analysis of the composition of intestinal microbiota and for measuring the amount of Bifidobacterium spp. and total bacterial DNA by quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR). Campylobacter spp. were excreted by all pigs and present in the luminal content from distal ileum to midway colon with particular high numbers in caecum, but the excretion was reduced by 10-fold in pigs fed lupines for 1 week as compared to control and chicory fed pigs (mean Log10 2.9 vs. 4.1 CFU/g) (P0.05). T-RFLP analysis showed that four of the most abundant bacteria with terminal restriction fragments (T-RFs) values >5% relative intensity of total abundance differed between the feed treatments (P<0.05). Then, this study showed that even a short-term alternative feeding strategy with prebiotics in the diet of pre-slaughter pigs elicited changes in the composition of the intestinal microbiota, where lupine increased the level of bifidobacteria in caceum and reduced the campylobacter excretion level after 1 week